Logging Technology: Cov Navigation Precise rau Subsurface Energy

Kev txiav txim siab zoo yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb los ntsuas qhov ntsuas geological raws qhov tob ntawm qhov borehole. Cov kev ntsuas no, suav nrog kev tiv thaiv, porosity, permeability, ntom, thiab acoustic tshaj tawm, muab lub qhov rais tseem ceeb rau hauv subsurface.

Logging ua haujlwm ob lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb:

• Geological yam ntxwv:Los pab geologists to taub subsurface lithology (pob zeb hom), tsim thickness, thiab depositional ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, qhov spontaneous muaj peev xwm (SP) nkhaus pab kom paub qhov txawv ntawm sandstones thiab shales, ua rau kev tsim kho ntawm cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws geological profile.
• Kev ntsuam xyuas cov peev txheej:Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov chaw, qhov tuab, thiab cov khoom ntawm cov pob zeb reservoir, xws li cov roj thiab roj av. Resistivity logging yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no, raws li hydrocarbons muaj ntau yam resistive tshaj dej tsim. Cov ntaub ntawv teev cia yog siv los xam cov porosity thiab permeability, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kwv yees cov peev txheej thiab ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo. Qhov no kuj siv tau rau lwm yam kev pab xws li dej hauv av, minerals, thiab thee.

Kev txiav ntoo niaj hnub siv cov cuab yeej siv thev naus laus zis, txhua qhov ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev los tsim cov duab dav dav ntawm lub subsurface.

1. Kev ntsuas hluav taws xob

Cov tsev neeg ntawm txoj kev no ntsuas qhov kev tiv thaiv (lossis conductivity) ntawm kev tsim los txiav txim siab hom pob zeb thiab cov ntsiab lus dej.

• Resistivity Logging:Siv electrode arrays los ntsuas qhov tsim lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam cov hluav taws xob tam sim no. High resistivity yog thawj qhov taw qhia ntawm hydrocarbons.
• Induction cav:Tsim ib qho alternating magnetic teb uas induces tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub tsim. Los ntawm kev ntsuas cov dej ntws, nws muab cov conductivity, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov qhov dej drilled nrog tsis yog -cov roj conductive- raws av nkos.
• Micro-Resistivity Logging:Siv me me, khawm-zoo li electrodes ntawm lub ncoo nias rau ntawm phab ntsa borehole rau siab heev- kev daws teeb meem ntawm thaj tsam ze -wellbore, feem ntau siv los txheeb xyuas cov txaj nyias thiab ntxeem tau.

2. Acoustic (Sonic) txiav

Cov cuab yeej no kawm txog kev nthuav tawm ntawm lub suab nthwv dej los ntawm kev tsim.

• Compressional Wave Logging:Ntsuas qhov ceev ntawm lub suab nrawm tshaj plaws (P-wave). Cov ntaub ntawv no yog cov tswv yim tseem ceeb rau kev suav porosity thiab yog siv rau hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam geomechanical.
• Shear Wave Logging:Ntsuas qhov ceev ntawm lub suab qeeb qeeb (S-wave). S- nthwv dej tsuas yog taug kev los ntawm pob zeb matrix, muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm pob zeb tawv, elastic moduli, thiab lithology.
• Tag Nrho Waveform Sonic Logging:Sau tag nrho acoustic waveform, ntes tag nrho cov tuaj txog (P, S, thiab Stoneley nthwv dej). Qhov no tso cai rau cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws tsom xam ntawm pob zeb mechanical zog, kev puas tsuaj, thiab permeability indications.

3. Kev kaw ntom nti

Txoj kev no siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (xws li Cesium-137) kom emit gamma rays rau hauv kev tsim. Tus naj npawb ntawm gamma rays uas tau tawg rov qab mus rau cov cuab yeej muaj feem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau electron ceev ntawm lub pob zeb, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog ze ze rau nws cov bulk ntom.

• Scattering Density Logging:Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem los muab kev tsim ntau qhov ntom ntom, cov tswv yim tseem ceeb rau kev suav porosity thiab txheeb xyuas lithology.
• Spectral Density Logging:Txheeb xyuas lub zog spectrum ntawm tawg gamma rays, muab cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv txog kev tsim cov ntsiab lus (cov nyhuv photoelectric, Pe), uas yog qhov zoo heev rau kev nplua lithology kev ntxub ntxaug (xws li limestone vs. dolomite).

4. Neutron Logging

Cov cuab yeej Neutron foob pob tsim nrog siab - zog neutrons. Cov neutrons sib tsoo nrog atomic nuclei, poob lub zog zoo tshaj plaws thaum lawv tsoo hydrogen nucleus (uas muaj qhov zoo sib xws). Los ntawm kev ntsuas cov huab uas tshwm sim ntawm qis- lub zog neutrons lossis ntes gamma rays, lub cuab yeej teb feem ntau rau cov nyiaj hydrogen hauv kev tsim.

• Txoj Cai:Txij li cov roj thiab dej ob qho tib si muaj hydrogen, lub cav neutron yog thawj qhov taw qhia ntawm cov kua - puv porosity. Hauv thaj chaw roj, qhov ntsuas hydrogen qis dua, ua rau lub cav neutron pom qhov pom tseeb ntawm qhov porosity.
• Daim ntawv thov:Siv rau kev txiav txim siab porosity, thiab ua ke nrog lub cav ceev, yog ib txoj hauv kev los txheeb xyuas cov roj av.

5. Nuclear Sib Nqus Resonance (NMR) Logging

NMR logging yog ib qho kev siv thev naus laus zis uas ntsuas ncaj qha cov lus teb ntawm hydrogen nuclei (protons) nyob rau hauv cov kua pore rau cov hlau nplaum muaj zog thiab xov tooj cua zaus pulses.

Qhov zoo:

• Qhov tseeb porosity & permeability:Cov teeb liab muaj feem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov kua dej- puv qhov pore thiab feem ntau tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov pob zeb matrix. Nws muab tag nrho cov porosity, zoo porosity, thiab kev kwv yees permeability tas li.
• Pore ​​Size Cov ntaub ntawv:Tus nqi ntawm qhov NMR teeb liab ploj (T₂ faib) muaj feem xyuam rau qhov pore loj, tso cai rau kev sib txawv ntawm cov kua nplaum (hauv cov pores me) thiab cov kua dej txav tau (hauv cov pores loj).
• Tsis yog -Kev puas tsuaj:Kev ntsuas tsis ua puas tsuaj rau kev tsim.

6. Gamma Ray Logging

Qhov no ntsuas lub ntuj radioactivity ntawm qhov tsim.

• Natural Gamma Ray Logging:Kev ntsuas tus qauv, qhov kev suav siab feem ntau qhia tias shales (nplua nuj nyob rau hauv radioactive poov tshuaj, uranium, thiab thorium), thiab tsawg suav hais tias ntxuav, muaj peev xwm reservoir - pob zeb zoo li sandstones los yog carbonates.
• Spectral Gamma Ray Logging:Txheeb xyuas lub zog spectrum los txiav txim siab tus neeg koom tes ntawm potassium (K), uranium (U), thiab thorium (Th). Qhov no pab txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov av nplaum sib txawv, paub txog cov organic- nplua nuj shales, thiab kuaj pom cov pob txha lossis thaj tsam ntawm cov nag lossis daus.

7. Cov duab kos duab kos duab

Cov thev naus laus zis no tsim cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws, taw qhia cov duab ntawm phab ntsa borehole, piv rau kev kho mob CT scan.

• Txoj kev:Yuav ua raws li hluav taws xob resistivity (micro-resistivity imaging) los yog acoustic reflection (borehole televiewer).
• Daim ntawv thov:Cov duab tso cai pom kev ncaj qha thiab txhais cov dav hlau hauv txaj, pob txha (ob qho tib si ntuj thiab raug ntxias), vugs, faults, thiab borehole breakouts. Qhov no yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem geology, kev tswj hwm kev ntxhov siab, thiab cov dej ntws sib txawv.

Tsab xov xwm xaus lus los ntawm kev qhia txog peb qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tsim lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm kev txiav:

• Kev yees duab yees:Kev nce qib ntxiv nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si hluav taws xob thiab acoustic imaging, muab puas tau -kev daws teeb meem siab dua thiab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws "duab" ntawm kev tsim kom muaj kev txhais cov geological.
• Logging while Drilling (LWD):Kev siv cov cuab yeej LWD nce ntxiv kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag - thaum lub sijhawm drilling. Qhov no tso cai rau kev txiav txim siab ua haujlwm tam sim ntawd (geosteering), txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo, thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej tsim kom muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov av nkos.
• Kev txawj ntse txhais lus:Daim ntawv thov kev txawj ntse txawj ntse thiab tshuab kev kawm los teev cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas. AI algorithms tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv sib txuas txuas cov lus teb rau geological tsis, ua kom nrawm dua, raug dua, thiab ntau dua kev txhais cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj uas tau sau tseg.

Yog xav paub ntxiv, thov tsis txhob yig tiv tauj pab pawg Vigor kom paub meej ntxiv txog cov khoom lag luam.