Los ntawm Drill Bit mus rau tsob ntoo ntau lawm: nthuav tawm 17 Cov Txheej Txheem Tseem Ceeb hauv Drilling Ib Qhov Dej

Drilling thiab ua kom tiav cov roj lossis roj qhov dej yog ib txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm ua haujlwm nyuaj. Los ntawm kev tsim thawj zaug mus rau qhov kawg ntawm kev tsim khoom, cov txheej txheem suav nrog peb theem tseem ceeb: ua ntej- kev tsim kho spud, kev ua haujlwm drilling, thiab kev ua tiav zoo. Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws los ntawm kev lag luam qhov chaw "Geology & Drilling" rhuav tshem tag nrho cov lus mus rau hauv 17 cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb thiab qhia txog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb uas ua rau nws ua tau.

Theem I: Ua ntej -Spud Preparation

• Kev txiav txim qhov chaw zoo:Thawj kauj ruam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Geologists thiab reservoir engineers qhia qhov tseeb qhov chaw raws li cov ntaub ntawv seismic thiab subsurface geological maps.
• Txoj Kev Tshawb Fawb:Kev tshuaj xyuas tag nrho ntawm txoj kev thiab txoj kev los ntawm lub hauv paus mus rau qhov chaw tshiab yog ua los npaj rau cov khoom siv hnyav txav.
• Kev Npaj Qhov Chaw & Kev Tsim Kho Kev Tsim Kho:Qhov chaw qhov dej yog leveled thiab graded. Lub hauv paus pob zeb yog nchuav rau cov khoom siv loj (xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov cav) kom ntseeg tau tias lawv nyob twj ywm theem thiab ruaj khov thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, tiv thaiv kev poob lossis hloov.

Theem II: Drilling Operations

• Rig txav:Tag nrho cov khoom siv drilling, cov cuab yeej, thiab cov chaw pw hav zoov raug tshem tawm, thauj, thiab hloov mus rau qhov chaw tshiab, npaj.
• Rig-Up:Cov cuab yeej thauj khoom tau rov ua dua tshiab ntawm qhov chaw tshiab, tsim kom muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo tag nrho ntawm qhov drilling rig.
• Conductor Qhov Drilling:Lub qhov loj - txoj kab uas hla yog drilled rau cov yeeb nkab conductor. Hauv qee thaj chaw, cov yeeb nkab no tau tsav mus rau hauv av siv cov neeg tsav tsheb pawg (rauj) es tsis yog drilled.
• Spudding-Nyob rau hauv (Ntoo Qhov):Qhov no yog qhov pib ua haujlwm ntawm drilling. Ib tug loj me ntsis xyaum lub qhov nto mus rau ib tug predetermined qhov tob.
• Khiav & Cementing Surface Casing:Steel casing yog khiav mus rau hauv lub qhov nto thiab cement yog pumped rau hauv lub annulus. Qhov no ua rau lub qhov dej ruaj khov, tiv thaiv cov dej tsis qab ntsev, thiab muab lub hauv paus rau Blowout Preventer (BOP).
• Tom ntej Drilling Phase (2nd txog 5th):Tom qab cementing txhua txoj hlua casing, ib qho me me yog siv los laum cov ntu tom ntej. Cov kab ke no rov ua dua kom txog thaum lub hom phiaj qhov tob mus txog, nrog rau txhua ntu cased thiab cemented raws li xav tau.
• Drilling (ua qhov):Cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv ntawm kev hloov me ntsis thiab siv qhov hnyav kom tawg pob zeb thiab ua kom lub qhov dej tob tob.
• Tripping Out (rub tawm ntawm qhov - POOH):Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshem tawm tag nrho cov hlua laum los ntawm lub qhov dej, feem ntau hloov pauv me ntsis los yog khiav cav.
• Hloov me ntsis:Lub qub laum me ntsis yog unscrewed thiab ib tug tshiab, ntse yog ntsia rau hauv qab - qhov sib dhos.
• Tripping In (Khiav Hauv Qhov - RIH):Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev khiav txoj hlua tshiab xyaum thiab me ntsis rov qab mus rau hauv qab kom rov pib dua drilling.
• Mud Logging:Nruam tiag tiag -lub sij hawm tsom xam ntawm pob zeb cuttings (cuttings) thiab drilling dej tsis nyob rau saum npoo. Qhov no muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog kev tsim cov drilled thiab qhia tias muaj cov roj lossis cov pa roj.
• Wireline Logging:Tom qab ncav cuag tag nrho qhov tob (los yog qhov nruab nrab qhov nruab nrab), cov sensors tshwj xeeb raug txo qis rau hauv lub qhov ntawm lub cable los ntsuas lub cev ntawm cov pob zeb tsim (resistivity, porosity, ntom, thiab lwm yam).
• Khiav & Cementing Production Casing:Qhov kawg casing hlua yog khiav mus rau tag nrho qhov tob thiab cemented nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Qhov no cais thaj chaw tsim khoom thiab tsim ib qho chaw ruaj khov, ruaj khov rau kev tsim khoom yav tom ntej.

Theem III: Zoo Ua tiav

• Kev Ua Haujlwm tiav:Qhov no yog theem kawg, hloov lub qhov dej drilled mus rau hauv tus tsim khoom. Nws koom nrog perforating lub casing thiab xis mas txuas mus rau lub reservoir, muaj peev xwm stimulating lub tsim (acidizing, fracturing), khiav lub ntau lawm tubing, txhim kho lub taub hau thiab Christmas tsob ntoo, thiab thaum kawg ntws lub qhov dej rau kev kuaj (zoo kuaj) los soj ntsuam nws muaj peev xwm.

Tag nrho cov kev khiav hauj lwm yog tsav los ntawm lub drilling rig, ib tug complex sib dhos ntawm lub tshuab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo.

1. Fais fab System
Lub rig lub plawv, muab lub zog rau hoisting, rotating, thiab circulating. Nws feem ntau muaj xws li:

• Prime Movers:Ob peb lub cav loj diesel (feem ntau 3-4) uas muab cov tshuab hluav taws xob ncaj qha (rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab).
• Generators:Diesel{0}}cov tshuab hluav taws xob (2-3) uas muab hluav taws xob rau tag nrho qhov chaw rig thiab cov tsev nyob.
• Fais fab Control Systems:Rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, qhov no suav nrogSCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) ​​systemsuas hloov AC lub zog los ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob mus rau DC lub zog los tsav lub ntsiab DC motors rau cov duab kos, cov lus teb, thiab cov av nkos. IbMCC (Motor Control Center)tswj thiab faib AC fais fab rau tag nrho cov cuab yeej pab thiab teeb pom kev zoo.

2. Hoisting System
Lub "crane" ntawm lub rig, siv los nqa thiab txo txoj hlua tho thiab cov casing.

• Derrick / Mast:Lub siab steel qauv (feem ntau tshaj 40 meters) uas txhawb nqa lub hoisting iav.
• Substructure:Lub hauv paus txhawb nqa lub derrick, cov lus teb, thiab thaj chaw poob qis.
• Drawworks:Lub rig lub ntsiab winch thiab nws cov khoom tseem ceeb. Nws spools lub wireline rau hoist lub load thiab tswj tus nqi ntawm cov hlua yog txo, siv qhov hnyav rau me ntsis. Cov rigs niaj hnub no siv cov tshuab braking siab heev (disc lossis band brakes nrog cov nres nres zoo li electromagnetic brakes) es tsis txhob siv cov dej qub.
• Crown Block & Traveling Block:Ib tug system ntawm pulleys (sheaves). Lub crown thaiv yog tsau nyob rau saum toj, cov kev mus los thaiv txav nce thiab nqis.
• Hook:Tshem tawm los ntawm kev mus ncig, nws nqa lub kiv thiab tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm txoj hlua xyaum.
• Wireline (Drilling Line):Lub tuab steel cable spooled los ntawm lub crown thiab mus txawv tebchaws blocks, txuas cov drawworks rau tus nuv.

3. Rotating System
Muab lub torque tig lub laum me ntsis.

• Rotary rooj:Lub rooj tsav tsheb nyob rau hauv pem teb rig nrog lub square lossis hexagonal qhib uas tig lub kelly.
• Kelly:Ib qho square lossis hexagonal tubular seem uas haum los ntawm lub rooj teb thiab tig tag nrho cov hlua tho.
• Sab saum toj Tsav (Modern Standard):Ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv hloov pauv cov lus teb, kelly, thiab tig. Tshem tawm ntawm tus nuv, nws tuaj yeem tig txoj hlua laum thiab ncig cov av nkos thaum txav mus los lossis nqis ntawm lub derrick, txhim kho kev ua tau zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb.
• Swivel:Tshem tawm ntawm tus nuv, nws txhawb nqa qhov hnyav ntawm txoj hlua rotating laum thaum tso cai rau nws tig thiab muab lub siab -siab foob rau cov av nkos rau hauv txoj hlua.

4. Txheej Txheem
Lub kaw lus uas twj tso kua mis thiab tej yam kev mob drilling kua ( av nkos ), uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tu lub qhov, txias me ntsis, thiab tswj lub siab zoo.

• Mud Pumps:Siab-siab, loj- ntim cov twj tso kua mis (feem ntau triplex) uas ntws cov av nkos los ntawm lub qhov dej hauv cov hlua tho.
• Mud Pits / Tank:Lub tank steel qhov twg cov dej drilling yog khaws cia, sib tov, thiab txias.
• Khoom Siv Khoom Tswjhwm:Ib tug series ntawm cov cuab yeej uas ntxuav cov av nkos rov qab los ntawm lub qhov los ntawm kev tshem tawm drilled cuttings.
• Shale Shakers:Thawj theem, vibrating cov ntxaij vab tshaus uas tshem tawm cov pob zeb loj loj.
• Degasser:Tshem tawm cov roj entrained los ntawm cov av nkos, tswj nws qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom.
• Desander & Desilter:Hydrocyclones uas tshem tawm cov xuab zeb zoo thiab cov hmoov av (desander tshem tawm 60-100 µm, desilter tshem tawm 10-30 µm).
• Centrifuge:Lub siab -ceev rotating ntaus ntawv uas tshem tawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws hais (mus txog 2 µm) thiab tseem tuaj yeem rov qab muaj nuj nqis barite rau rov siv dua -.

5. Lwm Cov Txheej Txheem Tseem Ceeb

• Zoo Control System:CovBlowout Preventer (BOP) pawg, ib txheej hnyav - lub luag haujlwm li qub ntawm lub qhov dej kom kaw lub qhov dej thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev.
• Instrumentation thiab Monitoring Systems:Gauges thiab sensors rau saib xyuas qhov tseem ceeb tsis xws li av nkos, qhov ntim ntim, nuv load, teb torque, thiab roj theem.

Kev tsim cov roj lossis roj qhov dej yog cov masterclass hauv kev sib koom ua lag luam. Nws ua tiav los ntawm kev npaj ua ntu zus ntawm cov theem, los ntawm kev nrhiav qhov chaw mus txog qhov kawg ua tiav. Txhua theem tso siab rau cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv- los ntawm lub zog loj ntawm cov khoom kos duab thiab cov twj tso kua mis mus rau qhov tseeb ntawm cov khib nyiab tswj qhov system thiab rhiab heev ntawm cov cuab yeej txiav. Nkag siab txog cov duab tiav no, los ntawm thawj lub shovel hauv av mus rau kev teeb tsa Christmas ntoo, yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txaus siab rau qhov nyuaj thiab kev tsim vaj tsev ua haujlwm tom qab txhua lub thoob roj uas tsim tawm.Yog xav paub ntxiv, thov tsis txhob yig tiv tauj pab pawg Vigor kom paub ntau ntxiv txog cov khoom lag luam.