Lub qhov dej yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev txiav tawm ntawm lub qhov dej. Nws muaj ob peb yam tseem ceeb -xws li lub taub hau lub taub hau, lub taub hau tubing, thiab tsob ntoo Christmas- uas ua hauj lwm ua ke kom tshem tawm cov hlua downhole, kaw qhov chaw annular, thiab tswj kev tsim khoom. Kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm cov roj thiab roj.
Ib qho kev qhia dav dav los ntawm Tuam Tshoj International Pipeline Conference muab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntawm cov khoom siv lub taub hau, lawv cov dej num, kev faib tawm, thiab cov txheej txheem sib khi.
Casing Head System
Lub taub hau casing tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lub qhov dej. Nws yog ib tug spool los yog vaj tse nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub nto casing hlua. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhawb nqa qhov hnyav ntawm cov hlua txuas txuas ntxiv (nruab nrab thiab cov khoom tsim tawm) ntawm cov hangers thiab kaw cov qhov chaw nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov hlua casing.
- Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Casing Head:
- Kev ncua:Txhawb nqa qhov hnyav ntawm tag nrho cov hlua sab hauv los ntawm cov hangers.
- Kev them nyiaj yug:Muab lub hauv paus rau mounting blowout Preventers (BOPs) thaum lub sij hawm drilling thiab lub taub hau thiab tsob ntoo thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom.
- Sealing:Muab lub siab- nruj seal ntawm qhov sib txawv casing annuli.
- Nkag mus:Muab sab qhov hluav taws xob (ports) rau ntau lub hom phiaj, xws li:
1.Monitoring siab nyob rau hauv lub casing annuli.
2.Pumping kua (piv txwv li, tua av nkos, cement) rau hauv lub annulus.
3.Injecting corrosion inhibitors lossis ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb xws li nyem cementing.
Classification ntawm Casing Heads:
Lub taub hau casing raug cais raws li ntau qhov tsis muaj:
1.Los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm Casing Strings Suspended:
- Ib leeg:Rau qhov ntiav, qis - qhov dej siab.
- Muab ob npaug rau:Feem ntau hom, siv rau qhov dej nrog nruab nrab thiab ntau lawm casing.
- Triple:Siv nyob rau hauv qhov tob, siab - qhov dej siab los yog cov qhov dej tshawb nrhiav uas xav tau ntau txoj hlua khi.
2.Los ntawm Hanger Hom:
- Slip (los yog plam-thiab-Seal) Hom:Siv segmented slips los tuav thiab dai lub casing. Feem ntau rau saum npoo thiab nruab nrab cov hlua.
- Mandrel (los yog Threaded) Hom:Lub casing yog threaded ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub hanger. Muab cov khoom ruaj khov, txhim khu kev qha thiab feem ntau yog siv rau kev tsim cov hlua khi.
- Welded hom:Lub hanger yog welded ncaj qha mus rau lub casing.
3.Los ntawm lub cev txuas:Flanged, Clamp (hub), los yog Threaded.
- Casing Hangers:
- Lub hanger yog cov khoom siv uas txhawb nqa txoj hlua casing hauv lub taub hau casing.
- Mandrel Hangers:Lub casing yog threaded rau lub hanger. Lawv muab qhov zoo nres thiab ib qho hlau zoo heev - mus rau - hlau foob txoj kev. Lawv feem ntau yog siv rau kev tsim cov casing qhov twg muaj kev ruaj ntseg foob yog qhov tseem ceeb.
- Slip Hangers:Lub hanger muaj cov ntawv hlais uas txuas ntawm lub taub hau lub taub hau thiab lub casing, tuav nws raws li qhov hnyav tau teeb tsa. Lawv yooj yim rau nruab thiab feem ntau siv rau saum npoo thiab nruab nrab casing.
- Sealing Mechanisms:Kev sib khi ntawm lub hanger thiab lub taub hau lub cev yog qhov tseem ceeb.
1.Rubber Seals (piv txwv li, BT seals):Energized los ntawm txhaj roj nyob rau hauv siab los tsim ib lub foob. Feem ntau suav nrog kuaj cov chaw nres nkoj kom paub tseeb tias kev foob kev ncaj ncees.
2.Metal-rau-Hloov Seals:Muab kev ncaj ncees thiab kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv high -siab, siab -kub (HPHT) qhov dej. Lawv vam khom qhov ntev thiab qhov cuam tshuam haum rau tsim lub foob thaum lub zog siv tshuab lossis los ntawm qhov hnyav.
Tubing Head System
Lub taub hau tubing yog ntsia rau saum toj kawg nkaus lub taub hau. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog:
- Tshem tawm txoj hlua Tubing:Nws nyob hauv lub tubing hanger, uas txhawb nqa tag nrho cov tubing cov hlua thiab txhua yam khoom siv downhole.
- Seal Tubing -Casing Annulus:Nws muab lub siab- nruj seal ntawm cov tubing thiab cov casing ntau lawm.
- Transition Cheebtsam:Nws ua haujlwm raws li qhov sib txuas ntawm lub taub hau hauv qab thiab tsob ntoo Christmas saum toj no.
- Muab Side Access:Tubing taub hau spool muaj sab qhov hluav taws xob (feem ntau flanged) uas tso cai rau kev nkag mus rau lub raj -casing annulus rau kev khiav hauj lwm xws li ncig, tua, los yog saib xyuas annulus siab.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb:
- Tubing Head Spool:Lub cev tseem ceeb.
- Tubing Hanger:Cov cuab yeej uas tsaws hauv lub spool los txhawb lub tubing. Rau ntug dej hiav txwv nrog subsurface kev nyab xeeb li qub (SSSV), lub hanger yog complex, featuring passages rau hydraulic tswj kab thiab hluav taws xob cables (rau ESPs), uas yuav tsum tau muab kev ntseeg siab kaw.
- Lockdown Screws:Siv los xauv lub tubing hanger rau hauv qhov chaw, tiv thaiv kev txav mus los ntawm kev kub ntxhov lossis thermal expansion.
Tsob Ntoo Christmas
Cov ntoo Christmas yog qhov kawg sib dhos ntawm cov li qub, cov hlua, thiab cov fittings ntsia rau saum lub taub hau tubing. Nws yog lub hauv paus tswj hwm lub qhov dej, tswj kev tsim khoom, muab kev nkag mus rau kev cuam tshuam zoo, thiab ua kom kaw -in.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb:
- Tswj Ntau Lawm:Tswj thiab tswj cov dej ntws ntawm hydrocarbons los ntawm qhov dej.
- Muab kaw-hauv Peev Xwm:Master li qub thiab tis li qub tuaj yeem cais lub qhov dej.
- Tso cai nkag mus:Muab cov kav dej rau kev cuam tshuam zoo xws li xaim, coiled tubing, lossis slickline.
- Saib xyuas zoo:Ports rau siab thiab ntsuas kub.
- Tiv thaiv ib puag ncig:Ua raws li qhov kawg barrier tiv thaiv tsis tau tso tawm.
Kev faib tawm:
1.Los ntawm Configuration:
- Pas (los yog Modular):Sib dhos los ntawm tus kheej flanged li qub thiab fittings. Muaj nyob rau hauv av.
- Integral (los yog Block):Ob peb lub li qub (piv txwv li, tus tswv valve, tis valve, swab valve) tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho forged block. Qhov no txo qhov loj me, qhov hnyav, thiab muaj peev xwm xau txoj hauv kev, ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau offshore platforms thiab subsea daim ntaub ntawv.
2.Los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm Tubing Strings:
- Ib tsob ntoo tiav:Rau lub qhov dej nrog ib txoj hlua tubing.
- Ob tsob ntoo tiav:Loj thiab ntau txoj, siv rau qhov dej qhov twg ob txoj hlua sib cais ua los ntawm ob thaj chaw sib txawv ntawm nws tus kheej. Yuav tsum muaj dual tubing hanger.
- Tsob Ntoo Tsob Ntoo Triple:Ib qho kev sib dhos ntau dua rau cov ntawv tshwj xeeb uas muaj peb txoj hlua sib cais.
3.Los ntawm Daim Ntawv Thov:Cov ntoo txheem rau cov neeg tsim khoom siv roj lossis roj, dej lossis roj injectors, thiab cov tshuab nqa khoom (ESP, roj nqa, thiab lwm yam).
Cov Cheebtsam tseem ceeb ntawm tsob ntoo Christmas:
- Master Valve:Thawj qhov kev rho tawm valve, ze tshaj rau lub taub hau tubing. Feem ntau, muaj ob (sab sauv thiab qis tus tswv li qub) rau redundancy.
- Wing Valve (los yog Flow Wing Valve):Lub valve ntawm sab qhov hluav taws xob uas tswj kev ntws mus rau cov kab ntau lawm.
- Pob Valve:Vertical valve nyob rau saum toj kawg nkaus, siv thaum lub sij hawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm wireline.
- Choke:Ib qho cuab yeej siv los tswj tus nqi ntws los ntawm kev tsim kom muaj kev poob siab. Nws tswj tus nqi ntau lawm los ntawm kev kho qhov chaw ntws. Chokes tuaj yeem kho tau (nrog cov taum pauv hloov tau ntawm cov kab tshwj xeeb) lossis kho tau (qhov sib txawv ntawm orifice).
- Kuaj Valve (lossis Tsis yog -Return Valve):Feem ntau ntsia downstream ntawm choke kom tsis txhob thim rov qab los ntawm cov kab ntau lawm rov qab rau hauv qhov dej.
- Siab Gauges:Txhawm rau saib xyuas tubing siab (sab sauv ntawm tus tswv valve) thiab casing siab (los ntawm lub taub hau lub qhov hluav taws xob).
Lub rooj sib txoos ntawm lub taub dej zoo-los ntawm lub hauv paus lub taub hau thiab nws cov hangers, los ntawm lub taub hau tubing, mus rau kev tswj hwm tsob ntoo Christmas- yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws. Txhua yam khoom siv yog tsim los ua cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb, tseem ceeb muaj feem xyuam rau qhov hnyav ncua kev kawm ntawv, kev tswj xyuas qhov siab, thiab tswj kev ntws. Kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov khoom no, lawv cov txheej txheem sib khi, thiab lawv lub luag haujlwm ua haujlwm yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog hauv kev drilling, ua tiav, tsim khoom, lossis kev cuam tshuam zoo, vim nws ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb, kev ncaj ncees, thiab kev tsim khoom ntawm lub qhov dej thoob plaws nws lub neej. Yog xav paub ntxiv, thov tsis txhob yig tiv tauj pab pawg Vigor kom paub meej ntxiv txog cov khoom lag luam.
