Zoo Ua tiav Qhov Tseem Ceeb

Tom qab lub qhov dej tau drilled mus rau tag nrho qhov tob (TD), ntsuas, cased, thiab cemented, engineers tsiv mus rau theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tiav zoo. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej tsim los txhim kho kev tsim khoom, txawm tias yog qhov nyuaj lossis qhov zoo. Lub zog tsav tom qab txhua lub tswv yim ua tiav yog kom rov qab tau cov roj ntau npaum li ntawm lub reservoir ua tau ntawm tus nqi tsim nyog.

Kev txiav txim siab ua kom tiav ib lub qhov dej rau kev tsim khoom lossis ntsaws thiab tso tseg raws li lub qhov qhuav qhuav feem ntau yog nyob ntawm kev ntsuas kev tsim (FE) siv qhib - lub cav qhov. Thaum FE log tsom xam pom tias muaj peev xwm ua lag luam roj lossis roj reservoirs, steel casing yog khiav mus rau hauv lub qhov dej thiab cov cement yog pumped qab nws. Tom qab ntawd, tus kws ua tiav tiav tshem cov kua dej drilling nrog cov kua ua tiav - feem ntau yog cov dej tshiab los yog cov kuab tshuaj formulated uas tsis yog -reactive nrog tsim.

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cementing yog los tiv thaiv kev sib txuas lus ntawm thaj chaw tsim khoom. Cov kws tsim khoom siv cov ntawv cog lus cement (CBL) kom ntseeg tau tias cov cement sheath ntawm lub casing thiab cov phab ntsa borehole tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag. Yog tias muaj qhov sib txawv, lawv ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib tsoo cementing los ntawm perforating lub casing ntawm qhov tob uas tsim nyog thiab txhaj cov cement.

Cement daim ntawv cog lus tuaj yeem kuaj pom cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo vim qhov tsis raug ntawm cov cement density, tshem tawm cov av tsis tiav, gelation ntxov ntxov los yog hardening, thiab cov kua dej ntau dhau los ntawm cov cement slurry.

Cov kws ua haujlwm tom qab ntawd perforate lub casing thiab cement sheath rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm FE tsom xam raws li qhov zoo rau hydrocarbon ntws. Cov perforations yog qhov ua los ntawm lub casing, feem ntau yog siv cov nqi raug rho tawm los ntawm ib rab phom perforating conveyed los ntawm wireline, tubing, los yog coiled tubing. Cov haujlwm no feem ntau tso cov khib nyiab uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov dej ntws. Yuav kom txo tau qhov no, engineers yuav tso cov kua qaub tsis muaj zog kom yaj cov khib nyiab.

Nyob ntawm qib kev paub txog kev tsim, cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua qhov kev xeem zoo. Qhov no feem ntau ua tau siv lub laum yeeb nkab valve txuas rau hauv qab ntawm txoj hlua ua haujlwm (tubing lossis laum yeeb nkab). Lub valve qhib los ntawm qhov chaw, thiab cov kua dej zoo ntws los ntawm cov khoom sib cais (ib lub nkoj uas cais cov roj, roj, dej, thiab cov kua ua tiav). Los ntawm kev ntsuas cov nqi tsim khoom, cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog kev ua tau zoo yav tom ntej thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub pas dej.

Yog tias qhov tsim muaj tsawg permeability, engineers yuav tsim ib tug hydraulic puas los ntawm kev siv dej thiab xuab zeb (los yog lwm yam ntaub ntawv xws li slurry) nyob rau hauv high pressure rau tsim. Lub siab tawg pob zeb, thiab cov slurry yog pumped rau hauv cov pob txha tshiab. Thaum lub twj tso kua mis nres thiab lub qhov dej qhib, dej ntws tawm, tawm hauv cov xuab zeb (proppant) kom cov pob txha qhib, muab txoj hauv kev siab - permeability rau roj thiab roj.

Hauv kev sib sau ua ke tsis zoo, cov xuab zeb tuaj yeem txav mus rau hauv lub qhov dej thiab ntsaws qhov perforations. To prevent this, engineers may inject chemicals to bind the sand grains together or employ sand control techniques – including various sand screens and gravel pack systems – that block sand movement while allowing fluid to pass freely.

Ib - ib cheeb tsam ua tiav:Ib lub hnab ntim khoom ntim rau hauv cov khoom ntim khoom, hydraulically cais cov hlua tubing los ntawm lub annulus saum lub ntim khoom. Lub annulus muaj cov kua ua tiav nrog corrosion inhibitors.

Kev ua tiav ntau-zone:Siv tsawg kawg yog ob lub packers cais cov chaw tsim khoom. Cov kua dej los ntawm txhua qhov chaw tuaj yeem sib txuas tau, lossis cov cheeb tsam sab saud tuaj yeem raug kaw ntawm lub tes tsho zawv zawg kom txog thaum cov neeg ua haujlwm txiav txim siab tias kev sib txuas yog qhov zoo.

Cov tubing ntau lawm yog cov kav dej ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom thiab qhov chaw. Nws lub zog, cov khoom siv, qhov hnyav ntawm ib chav tsev ntev, thiab txoj kab uas hla sab hauv yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov xav tau ntau lawm, hom kua dej, siab, qhov tob, kub, thiab corrosivity. Seals (packers) cais thaj chaw tsim khoom nyob rau hauv lub casing-tubing annulus.

Rau cov qhov dej uas muaj ntau qhov chaw tsim khoom, cov kua dej nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov dej ntawm cov khoom ntim sab saud thiab sab qis thiab dhau los ntawm lub tes tsho zawv zawg (lub valve qhib lossis kaw siv tshuab siv cov xaim xaim lossis coiled tubing) mus rau hauv lub raj.

Yuav luag tag nrho cov kev ua tiav suav nrog kev nyab xeeb ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub raj xa dej ob peb puas taw hauv qab ntawm qhov chaw. Nws cia li kaw lub qhov dej yog tias qhov kev tswj hwm saum npoo av raug cuam tshuam thiab tuaj yeem kaw manually ntxiv rau qhov thaiv ntawm qhov dej thiab cua.

Qhov twg muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo raug nqi lossis teeb meem, kev ua tiav ntse (ICs) raug siv. ICs suav nrog kev mus tas li, tiag tiag - lub sijhawm cov chaw taws teeb siab thiab qhov ntsuas kub thiab ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov deb ntawm txhua qhov tsim.

Thaum lub reservoir siab tsis txaus nqa cov kua rau saum npoo, qhov dej yuav tsum tau nruab nrog lub twj tso kua mis lossis roj nqa tshuab:

• Electric submersible twj (ESPs):Siv rotors thiab stators los tso kua dej rau saum npoo.
• Qws twj tso kua mis (sucker qws twj tso kua mis):Siv reciprocating ntsug txav los nqa cov kua.
• Gas nqa:Txhaj pa roj rau hauv lub casing annulus; gas nkag mus rau hauv lub raj hauv qab cov kua kem, txo cov kua dej thiab tso cai rau kev nqa cov kua dej. Txhaj ntim tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm cov li qub faib raws cov tubing.

Nyob rau hauv qis - cov reservoirs siab, dej los yog roj yuav raug txhaj los ntawm ib lub qhov dej los thawb cov roj los ntawm kev tsim mus rau lub qhov dej. Kev tsim cov qhov dej tuaj yeem nruab nrog cov khoom siv tswj kev nkag mus (ICDs) los tswj cov ntim thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov kua dej nkag.

Cov kws ua haujlwm xav txog ntau yam thaum tsim kev ua tiav: hom thiab ntim ntawm cov kua yuav tsum tau tsim, downhole thiab nto qhov kub thiab txias, ntau lawm cheeb tsam qhov tob, ntau lawm, qhov chaw zoo, thiab ib puag ncig ib puag ncig. Cov kev daws teeb meem los ntawm qhov pib qhib- qhov ua tiav (tejzaum nws tsis muaj cov hlua khi ntau lawm) mus rau cov qhov dej sib txawv heev (ntau txoj kab rov tav lossis siab- lub kaum sab xis qhov dej drilled los ntawm ib lub qhov dej loj, txhua tus nrog nws tus kheej ua tiav).

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav zoo suav nrog kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb qhov tseeb, cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qhov dej offset, thiab hloov tau yooj yim. Nrog rau kev paub txhim khu kev qha ntawm thaj chaw lub hom phiaj thiab qhov chaw nyob ze li cas tau drilled thiab tsim cov qauv no, cov kws ua haujlwm feem ntau tuaj yeem npaj cov txheej txheem ua tiav ua ntej drilling, thaum lees paub tias tsis yog txhua qhov dej yuav ua tau zoo ib yam.

Yog xav paub ntxiv, thov tsis txhob yig tiv tauj pab pawg Vigor kom paub meej ntxiv txog cov khoom lag luam.